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Different classes of chemicals can induce a phototoxic effect by absorbing light energy within the wavelength range of sunlight. The assessment of photo-safety is therefore an obligatory part of the development of new drugs. Ten UV–vis (280–800nm)-absorbing compounds (ketoprofen, promazine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, acridine, lomefloxacin, 8-methoxypsoralen, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate)...
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of target proteins in response to DNA damage and has been proposed to play a role in DNA repair, recombination, transcription, cell death, cell proliferation, as well as in stabilization of the genome. We have recently shown that PARP-1 deficiency causes mammary tumorigenesis in mice. In the present...
Cytogenetic biomarkers are essential for assessing environmental exposure that can predict adverse human health effects such as cellular damage. Chromosomal aberrations are the most important cytogenetic end-points successfully used for the cancer risk assessment of populations occupationally or environmentally exposed to different toxic chemicals. Previous reports suggest that, increased frequency...
By studying the effects of four concentrations of cadmium (0.25, 2.5, 25, 250μM) on Pisum sativum L. roots, we compared parameters generally used in short-term tests for environmental monitoring – root length, mitotic index, occurrence of mitotic aberrations – with less explored parameters related to meristem activity, such as apex size and viability, percentage of DNA-synthesizing cells and microtubule...
Genotoxicity of crotonaldehyde was evaluated by employing bone marrow and spermatocyte chromosomal aberration and dominant lethal mutation assays in Swiss albino mice. For bone marrow chromosomal aberration assay, animals were treated with 0.2ml olive oil containing 8, 16 and 32μl kg b.w. of crotonaldehyde for 6, 12 and 24h through single intraperitoneal injection. Treatment induced dose-dependent...
The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of nicotine to induce micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in bone marrow of male and female mice. Cyclophosphamide at 40mg/kg was used as positive control clastogen. Single doses of 4, 8 or 16mg/kg nicotine were given via oral intubation and bone marrow was sampled at 18, 24, 30, 36 and 48h after treatment. Cyclophosphamide...
We discovered the directly acting mutagenicity of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(N-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), with UVA light (320–400nm) in Ames bacteria and phage M13mp2 in the absence of metabolic activation. We have investigated the spectrum of mutations caused by UVA-activated NNK. The majority (57%) of induced sequence changes were comprised of GC to CG, GC to TA...
To ascertain an optimum condition for detecting micronuclei in the liver caused by numerical aberration inducers, either carbendazim (125–1000mg/kg, p.o.), colchicine (0.375–1.5mg/kg, i.v.), cytochalasin B (2.5–20mg/kg, i.v.), diazepam (3.13–25mg/kg, i.v.), noscapine (7.8–62.5mg/kg, i.v.), paclitaxel (1–100mg/kg, i.v.) or trichlorfon (18.75–150mg/kg, i.v.) was administered once to male Slc:ddY mice...
This study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxic interactions between the common environmental pollutants: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), which are known to be human carcinogens. C57BL/6J/Han mice were pre-treated with 100mg cadmium chloride (Cd 2+ )/L or 50mg sodium arsenite (As 3+ )/L in drinking water for 7 days and then given a single dose of 200mg BaP/kg...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of radiation from panoramic radiographs on the cells of the lateral border of the tongue by evaluating nuclear changes. Forty-two patients were included: 22 had one radiograph (Group I), and 20 required a repeat radiograph due to error in the first exposure (Group II). Material for the cytopathologic evaluation was collected before radiographs and 10 days...
Xanthohumol is the major prenylated flavonoid present in the hop plant Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabinaceae) and a common ingredient of beer. Recently, xanthohumol has gained considerable interest due to its potential cancer chemo-preventive effect. The aim of this study was to reveal the possible anti-genotoxic activity of xanthohumol in metabolically competent human hepatoma HepG2 cells, by use of...
CYP1A2 expression is constitutively high in mouse liver and is well known for metabolizing several drugs and many procarcinogens to reactive intermediates that can cause toxicity or cancer. In the present study, the basal level of hepatic CYP1A2 activity was shown to vary among different inbred mouse strains. The highest methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase activity (261±52pmol/mgprotein/min) was registered...
Exposure to wood dust is common in many workplaces. Epidemiological studies indicate that occupational exposure to hardwood dusts is more harmful than to softwood dusts. In this study, human epithelial cell line A549 was incubated with well-characterized dusts from six commonly used wood species and from medium density fibreboard (MDF), at concentrations between 10 and 300μg/ml. After 3 and 6h of...
Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to high LET (linear energy transfer) 16 O-beam (625keV/μm) radiation in the dose range of 0–9.83Gy. Cell survival, micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and induction of apoptosis were studied as a follow up of our earlier study on high LET radiations ( 7 Li-beam of 60keV/μm and 12 C-beam of 295keV/μm) as well as 60 Co...
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